The sacral cornu (plural: cornua) are bony protuberances located on the posterior aspect of the sacrum, a bone located in the lower back. The sacrum is a triangular bone that forms the base of the spine and is composed of five fused vertebrae. The sacral cornua are formed by the projection of the sacral ala, or wing, which is the lateral portion of the sacrum.
Structure and Anatomy
The sacral cornu are located on the posterior aspect of the sacrum, just above the sacral foramen. They are formed by the projection of the sacral ala, which is the lateral portion of the sacrum. The sacral ala is made up of the transverse process and the lamina, which are bony protuberances that provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
They are not uniform in shape and size, and they may vary slightly between individuals. They are usually larger in males than in females, and they may be more prominent in individuals with a more active lifestyle or those who engage in weight-bearing activities.
Location
The sacral cornu are located on the posterior aspect of the sacrum, just above the sacral foramen. The sacral foramen is a hole located on the posterior aspect of the sacrum that allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels. The sacral cornu are located on either side of the sacral foramen and can be palpated through the skin.
Function
The sacral cornu serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments that support the spine and lower back. They provide stability to the sacrum and help to transfer weight from the spine to the pelvis and lower extremities.
It also have a role in the movement of the pelvis and lower extremities. They provide attachment points for muscles that control the flexion, extension, and rotation of the pelvis and lower extremities.
Clinical Significance
The sacral cornu may be involved in the development of certain medical conditions or injuries. One such condition is sacral stress fractures, which are small cracks or fractures that occur in the sacrum due to overuse or repetitive stress. Sacral stress fractures are more common in individuals who engage in weight-bearing activities or those with osteoporosis.
Injury to the sacral cornu or sacrum may also occur due to trauma, such as a fall or car accident. Symptoms of sacral injury may include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the lower extremities. Treatment may include rest, physical therapy, and medication.
