Advanced Nephron Quiz

Q1. What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

• Structural support and phagocytosis
• Filtration barrier
• Urine concentration
• Transport of glucose

Q2. How does angiotensin II affect glomerular hemodynamics?

• Stimulates ADH from juxtaglomerular cells
• Inhibits sodium transport in proximal tubule
• Dilates afferent arterioles to lower pressure
• Constricts efferent arterioles to maintain GFR

Q3. Which transporter is found on the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells for glucose reabsorption?

• GLUT2
• Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase
• ENaC
• SGLT2

Q4. What is the significance of the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle?

• Increases renal plasma flow
• Regulates renin secretion
• Creates medullary gradient for water reabsorption
• Stimulates bicarbonate secretion

Q5. How do principal cells differ from intercalated cells in the collecting duct?

• Principal: sodium/water; Intercalated: acid-base
• Principal: glucose transport; Intercalated: filtration
• Principal: urea secretion; Intercalated: renin production
• Principal: hormone synthesis; Intercalated: calcium reabsorption

Q6. What enzyme is released by juxtaglomerular cells in response to low blood pressure?

• Aldosterone
• ACE
• Renin
• ADH

Q7. Which hormone inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct?

• Aldosterone
• ADH
• Cortisol
• Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Q8. What condition results from failure of tubular reabsorption in all segments of the nephron?

• Fanconi syndrome
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Addison’s disease
• Bartter syndrome

Q9. Which component of the nephron plays a critical role in acid-base regulation by secreting hydrogen ions?

• Type A intercalated cells
• Macula densa
• Principal cells
• Proximal tubule cells

Q10. What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on renal function?

• Decreases aldosterone release
• Blocks renin and dilates afferent arteriole
• Increases filtration pressure and diuresis
• Decreases renal flow, increases renin and sodium reabsorption