Pelvic Outlet
Pelvic outlet is the lower pelvic opening framed by the pubic arch, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments, and coccyx.
The pelvic outlet, also called the inferior pelvic aperture, is the lower boundary of the true pelvis. It is a diamond-shaped space bounded by specific bony landmarks and closed in life by muscles and ligaments of the pelvic floor. The outlet forms the terminal portion of the birth canal and is crucial in obstetric assessments. It also serves as the exit point for pelvic organs and neurovascular structures that continue into the perineum and lower limbs.
Structure
The pelvic outlet is bounded posteriorly, laterally, and anteriorly by well-defined skeletal features. It appears narrower and more constricted than the pelvic inlet, and its shape can be altered by soft tissue structures like ligaments and muscle tone.
Bony Boundaries of the Pelvic Outlet
| Boundary | Landmark |
|---|---|
| Posterior | Apex of the coccyx |
| Lateral | Ischial tuberosities |
| Anterolateral | Sacrotuberous ligaments |
| Anterior | Inferior margin of the pubic symphysis |
Location
The pelvic outlet is located at the most inferior aspect of the bony pelvis. It lies below the pelvic cavity and marks the transition between the pelvis and the perineum. Unlike the pelvic inlet, which faces somewhat upward and forward, the outlet is directed downward and slightly backward due to pelvic tilt.
Function
- Exit Point: Forms the terminal boundary for pelvic organs and passage for the anal canal, urethra, and (in females) the vagina
- Supports Pelvic Floor: Anchors the muscular structures of the pelvic diaphragm, including levator ani and coccygeus muscles
- Birth Canal: Its dimensions and shape play a critical role in determining whether vaginal delivery is possible
Contents Passing Through
The pelvic outlet allows the passage of structures from the pelvic cavity to the perineum:
- Anal canal
- Urethra (both sexes)
- Vagina (females)
- Pudendal nerves and vessels
- Inferior rectal vessels and nerves
Clinical Significance
- Obstetric Relevance: The pelvic outlet must accommodate the fetal head during delivery; its size and shape are evaluated when assessing labor difficulty
- Pelvic Floor Disorders: The outlet is the site of potential weakness in pelvic floor muscles, leading to prolapse or incontinence
- Coccygeal Pain (Coccydynia): Involvement of the coccyx, forming the posterior outlet, may lead to pain during defecation or sitting
- Episiotomy Site: The area just anterior to the outlet is often incised during childbirth to prevent uncontrolled perineal tearing
Last updated on May 9, 2025
